One way of many possibilities! Unlike summary, though, paraphrase should not be condensed—the ideas as you write them should take up about the same amount of space as they do in the original text. A paraphrase should not include your own opinions about the topic, what the author of the text is saying about it, or how that author is presenting their point.
Remember that a paraphrase must be entirely your own writing, not just phrases or words substituted in the same sentence structure, length, etc. Write paraphrases in sentence structures that are natural to you and true to your own writing voice.
The only job of a paraphrase is to accurately and completely represent the relevant idea presented in the text you are paraphrasing. It is not likely that you will encounter an assignment that solely requires you to paraphrase a text. However, after taking notes, compare your notes to the original text to make sure you have retained the original meaning. Include page numbers beside your notes.
This will save you time later if you need to double-check information or need a quote. Some referencing styles require page numbers for paraphrasing as well, so it is important to have them available.
As you gather information for your assignment, you may have questions related to the concepts, arguments or study that you are reading about.
Include these in your notes so you do not forget them. It is important to connect the ideas presented in different sources to each other and to your unit and assignment. Record your own comments about how each author's research supports or contradicts the work of other researchers you have read, or what you have learned in lectures. Be careful to clearly distinguish your ideas from those of the author. Put your own thoughts, ideas and questions in a different colour or font so they are easily distinguishable from the ideas of the researcher that you have recorded.
After you have taken notes from your different sources, organise them into groups to match your research questions. It is generally agreed that homelessness is increasing in Australia, but there is yet no commonly accepted definition.
What does it mean to be 'homeless', and why is it hard for governments, charities and social commentators to agree on a definition? Commonwealth government homelessness programs in Western Australia. Parity, 25 9 : National Youth Commission. Oxford Living Dictionary. When planning and writing your assignment, use only your own notes which are written in your own words. This will help you avoid plagiarism. Paraphrasing means expressing information or ideas from other sources in your own words in a similar number of words as the source text.
Paraphrasing is NOT simply replacing words with synonyms or rearranging the structure of sentences. It involves rephrasing a text substantially while retaining the original meaning. Paraphrasing involves acknowledging the original source with proper referencing. A paraphrase is particularly useful: when you are dealing with facts and definitions when you need to refer to a chunk of information from one particular part of a source e. The paragraph below is a paraphrase written by a student.
Its aim is to support one of the key contentions in their essay on learning motivation among older students studying off campus. In the research study undertaken by Kahu , students struggled to learn material that did not interest them.
However, they were highly motivated to learn, and more successful, when studying topics they chose themselves. Kahu concludes that student interest in learning is greatly influenced by the design and content of the curriculum.
Course design and content were critical influences on interest. On the other hand, compulsory courses and topics that did not interest the students often led to boredom and frustration. Boredom was consistently linked with lower behavioural and cognitive engagement. Bored students procrastinated more, studied less, and, importantly, found the learning more difficult.
Below is an extract from a text which a student intends to use in an assignment, followed by two attempts at paraphrasing it. Read through these, then indicate which you think does a better job of paraphrasing. It is generally agreed that homelessness is increasing in Australia, yet there is no commonly accepted definition. Because of the complexity of homelessness from a social policy and service delivery perspective, there are a wide range of views on what constitutes homelessness.
Definitions of homelessness are culturally and historically contingent. Homelessness is complicated from both policy-making and service delivery points of view. For this reason, there are many different opinions on what homelessness means. Characterisations of homelessness are linked to culture and history. They encompass both narrow objective views which define being homeless as being roofless, and more personal definitions based on cultural and historical understandings of 'home' ABS, A multi-faceted concept, homelessness can be defined in a variety of ways, most simply as the basic lack of shelter.
This complexity impacts the development of effective policy and services to address homelessness ABS, Summarised information must be accompanied by a citation. Don't forget to include a proper citation when summarising and be careful not to add new points or change the original meaning. The following paragraph is a summary of the original source below written by a student as part of a report on the dietary habits of Australian adolescents. Compare the student's summary to the original text and answer the question.
While protein intakes were adequate in these subpopulations, the top two sources of iron were from plant-based, iron fortified sources breakfast cereals and breads and bread rolls. With regard to higher iron bioavailability and density, animal-based protein sources may be another strategy to address iron intake, particularly among females, as it has been previously shown to be a less popular food choice among Australian children and adolescents and avoided by young female adults Fayet-Moore et al.
Fayet-Moore et al. They attribute this to a tendency to avoid foods derived from animals. Read this section of an article and choose which option from the answers below best summarises it. Longitudinal studies have also confirmed the role of beliefs in teacher practice. The impact of previously held beliefs was found to be enduring when four school teachers were observed over a two-year period implementing a new and specific method of teaching reading Stephens et al.
Despite the teachers receiving special training, new practice was not comprehensively sustained, with one teacher reverting to practice based on prior-held beliefs at the end of the training period. Similar reliance on earlier beliefs has been observed in studies of preservice teachers.
In a two year study on development of professional belief systems about reading instruction the teachers appeared to create fictive images of themselves as teachers consistent with their prior knowledge of teachers and reading, and the experiences they had on teaching practicum Stoube, Remember: Read the text carefully and check anything you do not understand. Your summary will not be accurate if you have misunderstood the work.
In some disciplines, such as literary studies and history, quoting is used frequently to support an argument. In most others, especially science and technology, it is used sparingly, if at all. Make sure you understand how quoting is used in your discipline. If unsure, ask a lecturer or tutor. Keep the quote as brief as possible, and integrate it into the development of your argument or discussion. This means commenting on the quote to show how it connects to your point.
All quotes require page numbers in the citation. Different citation styles have different definitions of short and long quotes. Check your citation style or ask your tutor or lecturer if you are unsure. For a short quote up to two or three lines , place the relevant words in quotation marks and incorporate them into your sentence.
According to Scholte , p. It is not a failing of the author when one of the characters acts in an unusually audacious way. There are many examples in real life as well as fiction of a normally cautious person finding themselves enjoying an adventure. You do not need to place technical terms or specialised vocabulary in quotation marks if you use them as a part of a paraphrase or summary in your assignment. Summaries can be tremendously helpful because they can be used to encapsulate everything from a long narrative passage of an essay, to a chapter in a book, to an entire book.
University Academic Support Centers. Search this unit Start search Submit Search. Secondary Sources Theses and Dissertations. Writing Guides. Avoiding Plagiarism. Paraphrase and Summary. Paraphrase When you paraphrase, using your own words, you are explaining one of the claims of your source's argument, following its line of reasoning and its sequence of ideas. The paraphrase: Alters the wording of the passage without changing its meaning.
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