In fiction-based fandoms, "canon" is simply the source narrative you're referring to when you talk about that thing you like. Some people have different ideas of what "canon" is — for example, many Harry Potter fans don't consider anything but the published books to be canon, while other fans include the extra information author J.
Rowling has provided about the wizarding world on her Pottermore website and on Twitter. Fanon : These are the pieces of information fans make up to supplement their canons. Sometimes a detail gets widely distributed and becomes a major fanon trope, meaning it makes its way around fandom and becomes a well-known idea.
And to really break your brain, sometimes that trope makes its way back to the creators of the source material, who stick the fanon trope into canon. For instance, in the third season of the BBC's Sherlock, John Watson was rescued from a bonfire in a cheeky reference to the fanon meme depicting Martin Freeman, who plays Watson, as a hedgehog.
Hedgehogs often curl up in the piles of wood assembled for bonfires on Guy Fawkes Day in England. Headcanon: A sub-branch of "fanon" is actually called "headcanon. Shipping: Perhaps the single most popular fandom activity, shipping involves fans rooting for two characters — or two real-life people, if your fandom is reality-based — to get together romantically.
If you ship a pair of characters, they become a ship and you become a shipper. Often the shippers behind different ships fight for dominance within a fandom; these are called ship wars. OT3, OT4, etc. Fanfiction: Fanfiction — or fanfic or fic , but never "fan fiction"; the two-word construction is considered incorrect — is fiction written about a previously existing work, or a previously existing source of some kind.
This previously existing source can be virtually anything, including reality; there's a whole subgenre of fanfic called RPF , short for "real person fiction," or fanfiction about real people. Fanfiction exists about everything from commercials to inanimate objects to real world history.
Fanfiction is also as old as civilization itself , and, contrary to popular belief, it's not illegal. It's generally considered to be fair use under US copyright law, in that it qualifies as a "transformative" work based off the original source material. Fanfiction is a collective noun, so you say "works of fanfiction," not "fanfictions.
Fanworks: Fanworks are stuff you make in honor of a canon; how you define "stuff" and "make" is largely up to you. Common types of fanworks include things like fan art and fan vids exactly like fanfic but with pictures and videos , meta serious discussion about canon or about fandom itself , cosplay dressing in costume as a fictional character , fan comics, fan films, podfics recordings of fanfiction made by other fans , filk fannish song parodies , fan theories, and everything from fannish sewing patterns to fannish tattoos.
In short, it's just about anything you can think of making to support, defend, expand upon, discuss, or celebrate your fandom. TPTB : A fandom abbreviation for "the powers that be.
The use of this term is waning in modern fandom in favor of "creators," "showrunners," etc. The term has the side effect of reminding fans that ultimately, creators have power over canonical material and, to some extent, over fandom itself. BNF : big-name fan. This term dates from old-school sci-fi fandom and refers to a "famous" fan or a fan who is more or less at the center of fandom culture.
For instance, before she became a major best-seller, The Shadowhunters author Cassandra Clare was considered to be the most famous fanfiction author in the Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter fandoms.
Het fanfic is "het fic. Many fans believe slash is a subversive response to heteronormative canons, which rarely allow for the possibility that main characters can be queer. But a growing number of fans maintain that the tendency of slashers to fixate on mostly white male characters makes slash a deeply problematic and regressive genre.
Slash is a huge part of modern fandom culture. As of Tumblr's last statistical analysis on the subject, it's pretty clear that the vast majority of pairings being shipped in fandom tend to be slash pairings.
However, the major het ships in fandom, like Arrow 's Olicity, seem to have more shippers in other locations on the internet — not just Tumblr, which is generally considered to be the contemporary hub of fandom online. Femslashers generally want to be considered separately from "slash" in discussions of fandom because their ships are often quite different. Femslash has historically accounted for the smallest portion of fandom, but recently femslash pairings have surged in popularity thanks to major canonical queer ships like Korrasami for the TV show The Legend of Korra and Clexa for the TV show The , and non-canonical but still popular ones like Swanqueen within the fandom for the TV show Once Upon a Time.
Gen or genfic: Short for "general," genfic is what you get when your story isn't primarily concerned with romance. You can also be a "gen shipper," which paradoxically means you don't ship anyone in particular. Because of the issues involved in speculating on someone's real sexual identity, RPS can sometimes can get a bit thorny , to put it mildly. Fan archives There are countless fanfiction archives in existence, like the massive wealth of fic at sites like AsianFanfics , innumerable tiny forums for individual fandoms, and blog sites like LiveJournal, Tumblr, and Dreamwidth.
Currently, there are three especially predominant archives: FF. Because fanfiction. But plenty of longtime fans continue to enjoy its thriving community, and it remains one of the most stable fic archives on the internet. Wattpad : Wattpad is an online self-publishing platform that has become hugely popular with fans, on a massive scale that dwarfs all other fanfiction archives on the internet. Like Movellas, Quotev, and other similar corporate publishing platforms that allow fanfiction, Wattpad's fanfiction demographics skew younger, with a focus on celebrity fandoms.
The One Direction fanfiction turned young-adult publishing phenomenon After started out as a Wattpad juggernaut that has already been read million times online.
The process of building the AO3 led to the creation of the fandom-run nonprofit Organization for Transformative Works the OTW , which advocates for the legal rights, preservation, and awareness of fanworks. Because the AO3 was built primarily by slashers, it's known for being a mostly slash-oriented website.
The different types of fanfiction Canon fic, or in-universe fic: Fic that builds off the existing canonical storyline. AU: Short for "alternative universe," AU places canonical characters into a different setting, universe, or timeline, or otherwise alters something significant about the existing canonical storyline.
Popular subgenres of AU include the "historical AU," when characters are sent back in time to a specific historical era; the "coffee shop AU," in which characters are taken out of their existing storyline and placed in the context of meeting randomly in a coffee shop usually one half of your OTP is a barista, and the other half is an annoyed, harried, caffeine-addicted patron ; the high school or college AU, in which your characters are aged older or younger and sent to high school or college as the case may be; and the "Hogwarts AU," in which all the characters of another universe are sent to Hogwarts.
Crossover fic: A cousin to the AU, this kind of fic combines two or more sources. Think Archie vs. PWP: Short for "Plot? What plot? WIP: Short for "work in progress. Mary Sue or Gary Stu: This is an original self-insert character or the fic he or she appears in. Mary Sues are heavily mocked both inside and outside fandoms because they're usually characterized by unrealistic amounts of perfection — prettiest looks, highest grades, strongest athletic ability, etc.
And the tendency to make a character a "Sue" isn't just limited to fanfiction; you can find unbelievably perfect self-inserts at the center of everything from Jean M. Genderbending : Genderbent fic is fic that changes the gender of one or more of the canonical characters.
Racebending and f ancasting: Fancasting is the practice of casting a totally new or theorized actor or cast of characters in a role; for example, before Eddie Redmayne was cast as Newt Scamander in the upcoming Harry Potter spinoff film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , many Harry Potter fans fancast a wide range of actors in the part, from Benedict Cumberbatch to Dev Patel to Nathan Stewart-Jarrett.
The cousin term, "racebending," actually has two very different meanings depending on context. The word comes from the fan protests surrounding the notorious film adaptation of Avatar: The Last Airbender in and ; the project infamously whitewashed the cast, despite the source material's clear emphasis on diversity, drawing massive backlash from the Avatar fandom. Today, the site Racebending , which originated with the Avatar protests, is a media watch site whose mission is to raise awareness of Hollywood whitewashing.
Meanwhile, the term has also come to mean changing the ethnicity of presumed white characters to envision them as examples of diverse representation in a positive way. This positive trend, sometimes referred to as "chromatic casting," now proliferates in fandom culture. Part 4: Issues in fandom The fourth wall: This is an extremely complicated and controversial idea that there is, or at least ought to be, an invisible "fourth wall" that exists between fans and creators, and to a different extent between fandom and the outside world — a wall that simultaneously protects fans against outside scrutiny and judgment and protects creators from knowing what fans are talking about and allowing fandom activity to influence them.
With the increased mainstreaming of fandom, and the advent of social media, fan-creator interaction is more common than ever, but many fans remain freaked out by it and can often be heard commenting that they "want the fourth wall back. The idea of queerbaiting has evolved mainly among slash and femslash fans to mean an in-progress canonical storyline which exploits queer fans or fans of a specific queer ship by teasing them for ratings without any intention of actually making characters canonically queer.
Queerbaiting usually starts when creators insert slashy subtext into their show. In the first term, 2 x , the coefficient is 2 : in the second term, 4 y , the coefficient is 4. Constant: A number that cannot change its value. Like Terms: Terms that contain the same variables such as 2 m , 6 m or 3 x y and 7 x y.
If an expression has more than one constant terms, those are also like terms. Difference of a number and 7. Product of 6 and a number. Quotient of a number and 9. Coefficients are the numerical parts of a term that contains a variable.
Algebraic expressions must be written and interpreted carefully. In writing expressions for unknown quantities, we often use standard formulas.
An expression like x n is called a power. Here x is the base, and n is the exponent. The exponent is the number of times the base is used as a factor. The word phrase for this expression is " x to the n th power.
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